Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 9

Assignment - Essay Example For running a nursing home, a unit can be treated as cost of a bed, payment to employees and other such services. Therefore, operating expenses include: â€Å"Lean Cost Management is another approach to financial measurement that makes waste and the costs it creates visible, and hence actionable, wherever and whenever it occurs in an organization† (Hobbs, 2011). Following this approach, a business can very well eliminate excessive transaction costs, re-ordering costs; minimize inventories and all other unnecessary costs involved. The lean cost management technique brings into notice all excessive costs and helps the business to reduce it accordingly. It foregrounds the required agility with which the level of production can be increased as well as the cost that can be reduced without hampering quality of products. Its aim is to reduce seven forms of wastages in manufacturing made by any business, like, unsold inventory, which is considered as overproduction as per this method. Lean costing technique is a perfect example of costing in an agile environment. There are various expenses that are incurred by a business. These overheads expenses can be effortlessly allocated by using lean cost management and operating costing technique. Based on these techniques, expenses for each overhead incurred by a business can be noticed more prominently and allocation of funds can be done in an effective and methodological manner. These cost management techniques allow a business to forecast the cost and lessen it as per necessity. Therefore, the technique that Hugh Knock had decided for Pedro’s business was rightly the operating costing and lean cost management method (Gupta, 2009). According to Knock, this method will help Pedro to find out the unnecessary unit cost involved in his future business and curb it accordingly. Hugh also stated the necessity of bigger business to allocate the cost per unit of their service. He made the statement

Competitive Advantages of Germany

Competitive Advantages of Germany Aerosil is a fumed silica product developed in 1942 by Degussa AG in Germany. The scientific name of fumed silica is Colloidial Silicon Dioxide. It is pure silicon dioxide, made from vaporized silicon tetrachloride, oxidized in high-temperature flame with H2 and O2. Aggregated amorphous nano-sized primary particle gives free flow to powder materials. It gives thickening effect and thixotropy by dispersing to liquid materials. Standard hydrophilic products are made of primary particles from 7 nm to 40 nm, and also these products are surface modified to hydrophobic. As of September, 2007 what was Degussa is now the chemicals business area of the new Evonik industries. Right from the start of the business activities for AEROSIL ® fumed silica, Evonik followed Degussas philosophy for success to combine tradition and progress. In 1942 an idea became reality. Degussa invented the fumed silica as a replacement for carbon-black, which was manufactured from oil, to counteract the shortage of resources. At that time, the trade name AEROSIL ® was invented and protected. Today AEROSIL ® is a synonym for fumed silica and Evonik is globally present with more than 100 sales offices in 95 countries and over 1000 highly motivated employees. They have eight production plants and applied technology laboratories in Germany, China, Japan, Thailand and the USA, enabling them to stay close to their customers. They are not only known for their extensive product line with it ´s wide variety of grades, but are also market leaders with their highly specialized quality and environmentally-conscious technologies. Without AEROSIL ® fumed silica many everyday things would no longer be conceivable. AEROSIL ® fumed silica is found, for example, in buildings with earthquake-proof foundations, in silicon sealants for bath tubs, in yacht production, as insulation material for Ceran ® stove tops, or in paints that without AEROSIL ® products would be difficult to use. They have over sixty years experience in this specialty field and are continually optimizing their product line and technical services with great flexibility according to the needs of their customers. Evoniks close contacts with the industries that use their products, as well as to their suppliers, allow them to develop new innovative products for existing applications, as well as new applications for established products. Due to the continuous expansion of Evoniks worldwide production capacities, they are able to supply their customers with the right products in the desired quality and quantity throughout the world. Close cooperation and partnership with the customers is one of Evoniks top priorities. gm Industry History The shortage of raw materials and resources on our planet has been a hotly debated topic for several decades. The black gold in particular inspired many to become active researchers. Degussa were also enthusiastic about the idea of one day finding a substitute for oil. This is why, in 1941, they began to develop a white filling material for the tire industry as a substitute for industrial carbon black, which, up to then, could only be produced from oil. Just twelve months on, having created high-temperature flame hydrolysis, they succeeded in producing the first ultrafine-particle pyrogenic silica. Their vision became reality and the brand known as AEROSIL ® was born. dr, harry This success story took its course, and in 1966, an important foothold was established in Asia with the building of the Nippon Aerosil production plant in Yokkaichi, Japan. In 1976, the same step was taken westwards when the production of AEROSIL ® began at the new Degussa plant in Mobile, Alabama/USA. More than 60 years of experience, development and research have by now made AEROSIL ® the most frequently used brand for the creation, modification and characterization of surface effects.Chemistry_by_Ekspertiza.jpg APPLICATIONS OF AEROSIL ® More than 60 years of experience in the production, modification and application of fumed silica provide a sound basis for continuously enhancing these products. Evonik strive to meet the increasing demands of existing and new areas of application. Their objective is to fully satisfy customers expectations now and in the future. AEROSIL ® Fumed Silica makes use of the smallest of things. The smallest particles of some AEROSIL ® grades measure no more than seven nanometers a human hair is 3,000 times thicker. So small, yet so great: The smaller the particles, the greater their effect and range of applications. AEROSIL ® optimizes some factors whish are given below : paints and coatings catalysts airbags silicone sealants in the car, sanitary and electronics sectors sealing inserts, e.g. for covering crown cork printing inks creams, lotions, gels deodorants paper properties chemical dowels unsaturated polyester resins light bulbs and fluorescent tubes toners for photocopying machines silicone profiles shoe soles putty dental composites 2-component mortar marine paints structure adhesives for the production of rotor blades in wind power plants the disability of active substances in tablets The advantages of AEROSIL ® Fumed Silica in different industries : Adhesives Sealants Batteries Food Glass Paints Coatings Personal Care Pharmaceuticals, Plastics ,Silicones , Toners Product Line AEROSIL ® is an extremely versatile product. In order to find the AEROSIL ® grade with the right characteristics for the application, they have grouped the various AEROSIL ® types by Raw Material Method of Production. Not only are these, but also the behavior with water, whether hydrophilic or hydrophobic, crucial for the final application. AEROSIL ® grade could be found to solve problem in one of the following categories: Hydrophilic Fumed Silica Hydrophobic Fumed Silica Fumed Mixed Oxides Hydrophilic Fumed Metal Oxides Special Hydrophobic Silicas and Hydrophobic Metal Oxides Special Granulated Fumed Silicas Dispersions competitive-analysis_clip_image010.jpg Competitive Strategy To decide the competitive strategy there are two deciding factors. These are: industry structure and positioning within industry. Industry Structure Porters 5 forces analysis Porters 5 forces analysis is an analysis skeleton for industry analysis and business strategy development which was founded by by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979 . It uses concepts developed in Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive 5 forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. untitled Figure 01: Porters five forces analysis Porters Five Forces include three forces from horizontal competition: threat of substitute products, the threat of established rivals, and the threat of new entrants; and two forces from vertical competition: the bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers The threat of substitute products The existence of close substitute products increases the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives in response to price increases. But there are no substitutes for fumed silica. Thats why there is no threat of substitute products. The threat of the entry of new competitors As the business of fumed silica is very lucrative; thus, results in many new entrants, which will effectively decrease profitability. But there are some barriers to enter this industry and those are given below : The existence of barriers to entry In 1942, Degussa invented the fumed silica as a replacement for carbon-black, that was manufactured from oil, to counteract the shortage of resources. At that time, the trade name AEROSIL ® was invented and protected. Today AEROSIL ® is a synonym for fumed silica. Economies of product differences With a sales volume of nearly 1.8 million metric tons a year (2004), sales revenues of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1,071 million (2005) and a staff of 530, Evonik is the largest chemical manufacturer at the Marl Chemical plant. Capital requirements: Due to heavy investment in setting up the plant and thw production process, a very few wants to enter to this industry. The intensity of competitive rivalry- For most industries, this is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Number of competitors: There are only two substitute product for fumed silica and those are: Cab-o-sil and HDK, these rivals compete in non-price dimensions such as innovation, marketing, etc. Exit barriers: As the initial investment is high and the cost of swithiching to other manufacturing product is also very high, so the exit barrier is also high. Competitors are here to stay. Positioning Within Industry AEROSIL ® grades of Evonik have gained competitive advantages because of its cost leadership and the quality it offers. To compete internationally Evonik has adopted the global strategy approach driven by the principle think global, act local. Fumed silica grades are sold internationally under one brand, AEROSIL ® and one target audience, that is the business consumers. 683px-Schematicy-atom.svg.png Porters Diamond Model Germany possesses comparative advantage in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica. Germany has the ability to produce the AEROSIL ® fumed silica at a lower opportunity cost. The comparative advantage of Germany in the production of fumed silica is described by the Maichael Porters Diamond Model as followed: Untitled-1_clip_image002 Figure 02 : Porters Diamond model Factor Conditions- refers to inputs used as factors of production such as labor, land, natural resources, capital and infrastructure. Porter argues that the key factors of production are created, not inherited. Specialized factors of production are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. Human Resources With over 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union Germany has the best qualified workforce in Europe. Above all, the German chemical industry has traditionally regarded the training and continuous upgrading of employees ´ qualifications as being very important. This is because a well trained workforce is the precondition for the operation of highly specialized high-tech facilities, production of innovative chemical products, and high productivity. Well trained employees also mean fewer accidents with minimal downtimes as one result. The chemical parks often have training centers on-site to ensure that employees theoretical and practical knowledge is kept up to date. Many chemical parks help companies located there to recruit qualified employees. A well qualified workforce and ongoing training are important factors. Another factor which contributes to the success of chemical companies based in Germany is the high degree of identification of employees with their company. Highly motivated, they remain faithful to their companies, and staff turnover is low. The advantage: employees gather valuable expertise and experience, which in turn ensures smooth operations and contributes to economic success. Employees high degree of identification with their companies also involves the stable and consensus-oriented partnership which characterizes the relationship between chemical companies and trade unions in Germany. The result speaks for itself: Germany is the country with the lowest number of strikes in Europe. But the mai n problem from Germanys point of view is that the cost of labor and raw materials are very high. And that is the reason why German industries mainly shifted their manufacturing plants to the countries where labor is cheaper. They have a market all over the world. The people who are engaged, either directly or indirectly in this industry account for approximately 27 percent of the total work force and produce more than 14 percent of Germanys total manufacturing output. Physical Resources The main raw material for fumed silica Most of the countrys products are in engineering, especially in automobiles, machinery, metals, and chemical goods. Germany is the leading producer of wind turbines and solar power technology in the world. Knowledge resources It is very important for a country to have a RD sectors and specialized institution so that they can provide more specialized knowledge for them. Germany has very good and sophisticated research centers that are essential to do extensive research to innovate new product. And that is the reason why they are famous world wide. Infrastructure- With its central position in Europe, Germany is an important transportation hub. This is reflected in its dense and modern transportation networks. Probably most famous is the extensive motorway (Autobahn) network that ranks worldwide third largest in its total length and features a lack of blanket speed limits on the majority of routes. Shipyard_at_dawn_by_le_feu.jpg Demand Conditions Porter argues that a sophisticated domestic market is an important element to producing competitiveness. Firms that face a sophisticated domestic market are likely to sell superior products because the market demands high quality and a close proximity to such consumers enables the firm to better understand the needs and desires of the customers. The issues that affect demand conditions: Sophisticated and demanding buyers The home market of the Germanys chemical product demand very high quality product. High Product Quality is the essential prerequisite for their business success. One guarantee is the global quality management system for AEROSIL ® products, which monitors and supports production. The Product Safety department maintains product registration and the supporting MSDS, safety-specific and toxicological data to ensure the safe and legal use of our products. Anticipatory buyers need German Chemical industries saw that their demand in the home market is enormous. They saw the scope for more demands in the other markets of the world. German chemical industry itself is in their different manufacturing units around the world. They are expanding their demand for chemical in the whole world. Related Supporting Industry Porter also argues that a set of strong related and supporting industries is important to the competitiveness of firms. This includes suppliers and related industries. German Chemical industry also needs to have close relationship, joint innovation with suppliers, complementary products, sharing same technology with their related and supported industries to sustain its competitive advantage. Close Relationshipasdf.jpg Evonik is an active partner of the most important transaction platforms in the chemical industry. In close cooperation with ELEMICA they have built up connections to their customers on the base of the ChemXML standards. ELEMICA is the platform for the raw material providers to the chemical industry and CC-Chemplorer, the purchasing platform for engineering goods and consumption material. VMI Vendor System VMI is a further step to improve customer convenience. Mostly with silos and tanks the supplier takes care that a customer never lacks raw material. Advanced sensor technology is capable to communicate directly with the ERP-system of the supplier. Together with their IT-partners they are prepared to design and implement the appropriate connection. Firms Strategy, Structure Rivalry In Porters study, it is found that the dynamism and pressure created by a vibrant local industry was perhaps the single most important stimulus to innovation and upgrading in an industry-a result that held independent of country size. Domestic rivalry provides an essential motivation for firms to make the investments and take the risks necessary to generate competitive advantage. Domestic rivalry is more important than competition with foreign firms because proximity speeds information and improves incentives to compete. Domestic competition negates basic factor advantages and forces firms to develop higher order (more sophisticated) and ultimately more sustainable advantages. In the chemical industry of Germany there exists an environment featuring a strong supply chain management, sophisticated demand from the domestic users, and an intensely competitive neighborhood with companies like BASF, Industries, Wacker Chemie. Sources of Creating Competitive Advantagesertyre.jpg It has gained competitive advantages due to several reasons and those are discussed below: New Technology Degussa invented the fumed silica in a substitute of carbon black. So AEROSIL ® has the competitive advantages as the inventor of fumed silica. Shifting Buyer Needs from Carbon Black to Fumed Silica As a replacement of carbon black, fumed silica has been used by the industries. The buyer needs had been shifted to the fumed silica from carbon black. Input Cost or Availability The raw materials needed for producing fumed silica is locally produced. Evonik is an active partner of the most important transaction platforms in the chemical industry. In close cooperation with ELEMICA they have built up connections to their customers on the base of the ChemXML standards. ELEMICA is the platform for the raw material providers to the chemical industry and CC-Chemplorer, the purchasing platform for engineering goods and consumption material. Strength_Is_Weakness_by_crazeemunkee0105.jpg SWOT Analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strtegic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified as strngths(S) or weakness(W), and those external to the firm can be classified as oppertunities (O), or threats(T). Such analysis of the strategic environment is refered to as a SWOT analysis. The strengths , weaknesses, opportunity and threats for AEROSIL ®: Strengths Evoniks strengths in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing the competitive advantage. The strengths include: Patent Strong Brand Name- AEROSIL ® Good reputation among customers Exclusive access to the natural resources Extensive distribution channel Weakness The absence of certain strengths results in weaknesses for Evonik. As it enjoys an advantage of huge production capacity and a large manufacturing plant, but it may result into weakness as it employs a large pull of capital. It also prevents the firm from reacting quickly to the changes in strategic planning. Opportunity The external environmental analysis may reveal certain new opportunity for profit and growth. The opportunity for Evoniks AEROSIL ® fumed silica includes: Arrival of new technology from the continuous research Removal of international trade barriers Economic integrations Threats Changes in the external factors may result into threats for the firm and those are: Entry of new competitor Innovation of new substitute product werwer.jpg Pest Analysis PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research and gives a certain overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework. Political Analysis Political situation is a very significant external factor for the development of an industry. It is only through proper policies of the government added with incentives, subsidies and promotions that an industry can flourish. In Germany, government has taken several initiatives to promote the chemical industry. German chemical industry is doing very well in a global arena because they are getting support from their favorable government policies and terms conditions for increasing their productivity and constant innovativeness. Following reasons influence in this regard: Political stability Legal framework for contract enforcement Intellectual property protection Trade regulations tariffs Favored trading partners Pricing regulations Taxation tax rates and incentives Wage legislation minimum wage and overtime Economic Analysis The economic analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. The home economy situation is very vital to the growth of the industry. Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital. Germany is the largest national economy in Europe and the third largest by nominal GDP ($3.22 trillion) in the world and also ranked fifth by GDP. This is a very stable and favorable economic condition for a country to be internationally competitive. Following reasons influence in this regard: Government intervention in the free market Comparative advantages of host country Exchange rates stability of host country currency Efficiency of financial markets Infrastructure quality Skill level of workforce Economic growth rate Unemployment rate Inflation rate Interest rates Social Analysis The social analysis is used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. The analysis headings are a framework for reviewing a situation, and can also be used to review a strategy or position, direction of a company. German Chemical industry always looks at the social factors to manufacture products. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Some social factors include: health consciousness population growth rate age distribution career attitudes emphasis on safety Demographics Class structure Education Culture Attitudes Leisure interests Technology Analysis The technological analysis is often used within a strategic SWOT analysis. The technology analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organization. Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions German Chemical industry is doing well because their country has resources of high technology. Some technological factors include: Research Development (RD) activity automation technology incentives rate of technological change Recent technological developments Technologys impact on product offering Impact on cost structure Sustaining Competitive Advantagesustain.jpg As Evonik has created competitive advantages in producing AEROSIL ® fumed silica, it has quite a few factors to sustain competitive advantage. Nature of Sources of Competitive Advantage- Higher Order Advantage The advantages that Evonik possess for AEROSIL ® fumed silica is hard to replicate by the competitors. As Evonik possesses the exclusive right to produce AEROSIL ® fumed silica, no other can produce the exact fumed silica grades that we produce. Number of Distinct Sources of Advantages Extensive World Dealer Network Only AEROSIL ® products are offered from eight production sites distributed around the globe, supported by applied technology, research, commercial and technical service offices on three continents. This has established us as a committed service provider and competent advisor. AEROSIL ® production plants, technical service centers, research centers and commercial and technical service offices are located in Europe, North America and Asia with more than 100 sales offices in 95 countries to serve customworldwidehttp://www.aerosil.com/pub/NR/rdonlyres/2C62F50C-39FB-47B9-9F1F-82C9FAB46A6C/0/aerosilLocations.gif Brand Name AEROSIL ® has become the synonym for fumed silica. So, Evonik enjoys the strength from the brand name itself. Technical Service While typical inquiries can be answered by the local sales staff and distributors, a highly qualified technical consultancy service is also available to their customers. To this end, they support their customers by maintaining a network of experienced applied technology experts specialized in key industries on three continents. Constant Improvement Upgrading Research is the future. Or more precisely: Investment in the future. The work of scientists today forms the basis for the business successes of tomorrow. This principle is nothing new for AEROSIL ® products. It has been an established tradition for more than 60 years now. The outstanding research and development departments have made them one of the most frequently sought after contacts worldwide for the generation, modification and characterization of pyrogenic oxides, as well as for the performance effects they bring. 1941 Development of high-temperature hydrolysis for the production of pyrogenic silica 1942 Development of the first industrial production process in Rheinfelden, awarding of the first patent 1943 AEROSIL ® is registered as a trademark for Degussas pyrogenic silica 1953 Production of aluminum oxides using the AEROSIL ® method 1954 Production of pyrogenic titanium oxides 1963 Commercial production of the first hydrophobic types, AEROSIL ® R 972 and AEROSIL ® R 974 1986 Development of a further chemical after treatment technology; hydrophobizing method completed. AEROSIL ® R 805, R 812 and R 202 launched 1992 Launch of the first structure-modified hydrophobic product AEROSIL ® R 8200 First fully-integrated production location for AEROSIL ® in Waterford, USA. 32423.jpg Recommendation Evonik should not necessarily pursue the more lucrative opportunities; rather it may have a better chance of developing competitive advantages by identify a fit between strengths and upcoming opportunities. In order to overcome the threats from the external environment, it should get prepared itself to pursue a compelling opportunity. 2. Format and Style The format and style of the final report is similar to that required of a technical paper with the following requirement: Cover page Microsoft Office Word A4 page setup 1.5 line spacing Point 12 Times New Roman font 1 inch page margin

Capital Punishment Essay - Lets Abolish Legalized Killing :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Let's Abolish Legalized Killing      Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital Punishment in the United States was declared constitutional in 1976 by the Supreme Court. It had been struck down four years prior to 1976 (The Economist 19). There are courts in the United States today that want to abolish capital punishment because the methods used are believed to be cruel and unusual (Creque 51).    The gas chamber execution involves toxic chemicals which "enhances physical trauma to induce death" (Creque 51). A death by hanging may decapitate a person, a firing squad may miss the person and leave him/her to bleed to death, and the electric chair can cook a person to the point of charring and loosening the skin from the bone. While these methods are widely accepted as forms of the death penalty, the procedures can and do go awry.    In 1994, serial killer John Wayne Gacy was executed by lethal injection. This procedure should take no longer than five minutes, but it ended up taking eighteen minutes to complete (Siedeman 52). In 1976, Joseph Tafero was to be executed by electrocution. "When the switch was flipped, six-inch flames and smoke spewed out of Tafero's head" (Siedeman 52). It took an additional two jolts to kill him. These are examples of cruel and unusual punishment.    Some people in the United States believe that capital punishment should not be abolished, just updated and made more efficient. What is suggested is the use of nitrogen asphyxiation which simply puts someone to sleep. This death penalty method would cause no pain or physical trauma (Creque 51). This method of punishment is also cruel and unusual. It is cruel and unusual to make someone believe that they are "just going to sleep" when in they are really being put to death. Creque suggests in this article "Killing With Kindness" that it is okay to punish a human being by this method. What makes this method of punishment any more uncruel and usual?    Many people, including myself, think that the United States should do away with capital punishment all together. Their belief is that the death penalty is racially biased and morally wrong. Many taxpayers believe that capital punishment is more expensive than life in prison.

Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’ and Golding’s ‘Lord of the Flies’ Essay

In doing this I will explore some of the key points in both novels. For example they both criticise the period of time they are living in. For Golding it is after the Second World War and he is addressing that war could break out again. Proving this is in the first chapter we hear â€Å"we was attacked!† This shows that mankind would attack children in a passenger plane. Whereas Conrad is living in the late Victorian era where Europe has thrust imperialism on Africa and has exploited the natives into slavery. Evidence of this is the â€Å"chain-gangs†. Firstly I am going to look at how both of the novels in some show a sort of journey into the human mind. In Lord of the Flies it is where the children cross from the good side of the island to the bad side. This starts with Jack saying â€Å"Bollocks to the rules!† This instantly showed the breakdown in society. This started possibly not the journey of the children from good to bad, but it is a journey that the island takes from good to bad. It starts with Jack saying that his choir shall be â€Å"hunters.† This begins the journey. The island starts to get darker and the children start to show the darkness of the human heart. With hunters that can have qualities linked with it that turns people into mere animals with only one thing on the mind†¦killing. This is showed by how when Jack, Simon and Ralph find the ‘candle buds’, Jack acts aggressive with them â€Å"Jack slashed one of them open with his knife and its scent spilled over them.† He didn’t just cut them open; he ‘slashed’ them. He again has killing on his mind with â€Å"we can’t eat them.† It is not only Jack that has taken this journey into evil. Jacks ‘tribe’ are heard to be chanting incessantly â€Å"Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!† So Golding’s depiction of a journey into the human mind addresses the obsession of killing. Conrad has a similar approach, but instead of killing he uses madness. Evidence that this is a common thing in the Congo is when Marlow pays a visit to the Doctor. The Doctor was â€Å"then with a certain eagerness asked me whether he could measure my head† Marlow let him, and asked the Doctor whether he measured the peoples heads â€Å"when they come back too?† Now the Doctor says something somewhat strange â€Å"Oh, I never see them†¦the changes take place inside you know† So the Doctor implies that people go mad out there and never come back. The characters in the two novels sort of follow the same lines. I have grouped the main four characters from the two novels and have put them in to two pairs- Marlow and Ralph and Jack and Mr Kurtz. Firstly, with Marlow and Ralph they start off as good people but they both make mistakes. For Ralph it was ultimately letting the group vote on whether there were ghosts or not. He did not need to let the vote go. What was strange was the way in that he asked the question â€Å"Who thinks that there may be ghosts?† That question seems to lead everyone into saying that there are ghosts. He instantly lost power. He should have asked, â€Å"Who thinks that there are no ghosts?† This would have led everyone into voting for this. Marlow made the main mistake in being led into Kurtz’s charisma. He had stated his dislike of the ivory being kept, but when he met Kurtz you hear him say, â€Å"I was fascinated† Jack and Kurtz were similar in that they were evil. I have already examined the way in that Jack is evil, as he instigated the break down in the society on the island. He also had a band of bloodthirsty hunters. Kurtz is evil in the way that he â€Å"brought in more ivory than all the other stations put together† but he never returned it. Looking at the viewpoint of the two novels I find that are in two different ways to address the nature of the novels. ‘Heart of Darkness’ has Marlow’s viewpoint. I believe that this was done so that we could be in line with his thoughts and feelings. This makes us understand more about the darkness of the human heart. Whereas ‘Lord of the Flies’ has a narrator. We don’t get the same inside intelligence as with Marlow, but we get some viewpoints such as â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence† Having a narrator helps us to have focused on Ralph on a curve of learning. Simon is viewed differently as his mind is open to us. For example when he encounters the Lord of the Flies, the words that the Lord of the Flies are saying is merely Simon speaking to himself. Golding is writing about Simon in this way so that he can express who the beast actually is. â€Å"Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt†¦ you knew didn’t you? I’m part of you?† We instantly now start to understand that something as bad as the Beast has been made up by the human heart. The setting that Conrad uses is firstly the Thames and then he compares it with Congo. He uses the fact that the Thames leads into â€Å"the biggest, and the greatest, town on earth.† Then the journey down the Congo is a road to evil and darkness. The things Marlow see such as the chain gangs. â€Å"Black shapes crouched, lay†¦attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair†¦ They were dying very slowly-it was very clear† In ‘Lord of the Flies’ Ralph is Adam in Garden of Eden as he has an instinctual relationship with his surroundings, but his goodness gradually fades as he is tempted by evil. The apple in the Garden of Eden is the bad side of the island (the fort area). This is proved by the fact that that was where Piggy was killed â€Å"his head opened and stuff came out and turned red.† Both novels address the darkness of the human heart. I believe that they are both very similar. Conrad and Golding both use death as their tool of evil. In ‘Heart of Darkness’ it is the natives of Africa that are exploited and flogged until they die. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ Golding has used the fact that even children would murder each other if they were in charge of society. Both of the texts are fables. The two authors criticise what is happening or what could happen in their period of time. Conrad didn’t like what was happening in Africa in the late nineteenth century. Golding was writing what could happen if another war broke out. They may both go to the extremes to condemn society, but with the violence of the everyday world and the overall greed, anything can happen.

The Colonial Experience in West Africa

The Twentieth Century brought with it vast changes for the peoples of West Africa. The yoke of colonialism bound them together into a new political, economic, and social order. It was as if hundreds of years of history had suddenly ended, and begun again anew. In the wake of the Berlin West Africa Conference, in 1885, the great powers of Europe – Britain, France, Germany, and even Portugal and Belgium – had carved up West Africa among themselves. European overlords either completely replaced, or else adopted a â€Å"supervisory† position over the native African authorities. Proud kingdoms, like those of the Asante, Benin, and Dahomey, found themselves forced to adapt or disappear, as West Africans struggled to make sense of a world that had been turned completely upside down and inside out. For â€Å"inside out,† could easily describe the reversal of economic roles that came along with European conquest. Formerly, European traders had stayed close to the coast, allowing the African rulers and merchants to supply Europe and her New World colonies with slaves and other â€Å"merchandise. The British had finally succeeded in ending the slave trade some years before, and many of the coastal kingdoms of West Africa had languished as a result. Some had been almost wholly dependent upon the trade in human beings – now there would have to be new sources of revenue. For the most part, these new sources of income would be developed by Europeans who would exploit West Africa's people and resources for the benefit of their home countries. However, the Africans would also learn from their new masters. Some of them would obtain a Western education, or work to introduce the ideas of the modern industrial world to Africa. European science, technology, education, political, economic, cultural, and religious ideas would all have a profound impact on West Africa. The pre-colonial relationship between Europeans and West Africans was one of mutual trade. In the first half of the Nineteenth Century, Europeans vastly increased their purchases of palm oil, and also continued to buy tropical hardwoods, while Africans received the products of Europe's industrial revolution: cotton and woolen textiles and iron. 1 It was only as direct European influence began to increase that economic conditions were gradually modified. The introduction of cocoa by European missionaries in the 1860s, led to its becoming a major cash crop and primary export by the earliest period of European colonial domination, around 1900. Gold and coca were the mainstays of the economy in the Gold Coast (now Ghana). To keep up with their seemingly insatiable demands for these and other products, the British, French, and other others, introduced more modern techniques of production. In particular, they employed industrial methods of mining, and built railroads and port facilities to enable a vastly increased flow of goods. Yet it would be wrong to think that was no African response to changed economic conditions. Already, in the late 1800s, African merchant families, such as the Sarbahs, began to encourage rubber production: In contrast to the palm oil trade, the rubber trade, because of a greater monetary return per unit of labour input and weight, drew into its orbit thousands of producers from the deep interior, including Sefwi, Kwahu, Asante and the distant states of Brong-Ahafo, all more than 100 miles from the coast. The rubber trade also gave rise to a new group of middle-men or broken from the Fanti states, Asin, Denkyera, and Akim, who carried the trade to the further limits of the forest zone and in so doing accelerated the extension of the cash economy. Rubber became a major export with shipments totalling well over one million pounds volume in 1886; and by 1893, the Gold Coast ranked first among the rubber exporting countries of the British Empire and third in the world. 3 Africans were, therefore, fully able to adapt themselves to European conditions in order to increase the size and extent of their markets, even if this necessitated adopting new techniques, and even entirely new crops, like rubber. On the down side, an economy based on growing and harvesting rubber latex caused significant social upheavals. The influence of the coastal mercantile families and kingdoms waned in favor of inland economic interests. 4 Families like the Sarbahs expanded their trading networks deep into the Interior, opening up branch story, cajoling purchasers, and further turning economic focus toward the one paramount crop. They also became increasingly dependent on fluctuations in the European market. 5 Furthermore, the conflict between European sponsored economic development, and meddlesome European control can be seen in the 1920's Gold Coast, where British Governor Guggisberg pursued a policy that was in many ways detrimental to the future of the African peoples under his control: Anti-modernisation, anti-urban, and anti-development. Regulations and barriers against innovation proliferated†¦. Official policy did nothing to encourage the emergence of a commercial middle class. Its effect instead was to establish a highly formidable machinery of bureaucratic control†¦. The most damaging effect of colonial policy on the ground was the way in which it hindered the emergence of a ‘native modernizing cadre', one result of which ‘was to divert into long and bitter anti-colonial struggles much brilliant talent which could have been used creatively in development sectors'. 6 The subordination of African interests to European profits condemned West Africans to economic backwards through lack of skills and genuine opportunities. The lack of skill and opportunity open to native West Africans leads naturally to a discussion of European education and the new horizons it presented. Prior to the era of colonial domination, West Africa's peoples had had little contact with Western ideas, except for he occasional interactions with Christian missionaries. The states, large and small, of West Africa had been universally pre-industrial, and had possessed nothing in the way of modern communications, transportation, or even the kind of complex educational and political institutions that existed in the Christian and Muslim worlds. Missionaries were the first to introduce Western educational methods into West Africa: For them education took place in schools, where obedient pupils listened to teachers, took examinations, and received diplomas certifying knowledge. Discipline was important, not only to make the children study, but also to mold desirable habits and (that was usually considered to be even more important than learning itself). 7 On the whole, Western education extended only to teaching subjects that Europeans thought would be useful to their â€Å"charges. Vocational training was sufficient for people who would never have to govern themselves. 8 Nevertheless, an exposure to the Western academic tradition inspired many African families to push for a higher level of education for their children. â€Å"Few pupils wanted to undergo the cost and the hardship of study, only to be prepared for a rural life and a low living standard. † 9 In the 1930's, in French West Africa, Colonial Government officials began to formulate a new approach that appeared to look forward to a synthesis of the European and Native traditions. France's redefined mission civilisatrice [civilizing mission] was to be fulfilled†¦ by teaching the subject populations how to live according to â€Å"authentic African traditions,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ This vision of France's role overseas as the protector of indigenous cultures in the colonies challenged earlier presentations of the colonial mission that had presented France as the bearer of â€Å"European civilization† and â€Å"French culture† destined to bring Africa out of the â€Å"darkness† in which many late-nineteenth-century colonizers claimed its people lived. 10 The French administrators went so far as to strongly encourage African arts and crafts, sponsor African festivals – even to teach Africans â€Å"how to be African†(! ). In order to avoid contamination by native teachers already trained in the earlier European methods, the French actually brought in teachers from France to lead the Africans in the study of their native West African culture; these teachers being observed leading Natives in local folk dances, etc. 11 Such plans represented an interesting attempt to keep Native elites loyal to France, while at the same time, well-rooted in their Native lands and cultures. Ostensibly, such practices would avoid the â€Å"stateless† quality of Africans educated under the earlier system. Nonetheless, exposure to European educational and economic ideas – even when those ideas were fused with African traditions – could not forestall an African thirst for greater freedom and opportunity along European lines. Colonial rulers often imposed a dual system of justice – a European one for major offenses, and a Native one for those offenses deemed minor by the Colonial Authorities. The French, early on, abolished the Native courts and legal system, except in rare cases, while even under the British, it was quite clear that Native justice was distinctly secondary to the â€Å"real† justice of the Europeans. 12 Dichotomies such as these further entrenched notions of West African inferiority. The French instituted a policy of not interfering in African customs and culture, as long as those customs did not conflict with the French aim of achieving some sort of â€Å"evolution† among Africans. 13 It was taken utterly for granted that African culture was inherently inferior to French civilization. By contrast, the British authorities endeavored to maintain equilibrium by combining traditional African smallholder society with the demands of the British Cocoa Board. Rural West African society was to be maintained at all costs to prevent a breakdown of the social order, such as occurred when jobs were scarce and peasants left for the cities in the hope of finding work. There, oddly enough, the British actually encouraged the growth of an urban petit bourgeoisie in the dream of preventing rebellion. With the collapse of world markets during the Great Depression, urban and peasant unrest increased – with the noticeable difference that now a radicalized bourgeoisie was available to lead that unrest. 14 In short, the European colonial administrations of West Africa both helped and exploited Africans. With their thirst for profits, and a belief in the superiority of their own institutions, technology, and culture, they dreamed of â€Å"advancing† the native population while at the same time keeping that population economically productive, and under firm European control. Yet in so doing, they introduced many attributes of the modern world to the peoples of West Africa. European notions of development, education, and justice split traditional African life into separate public and private spheres – especially for those who embraced European learning and techniques. 15 The divide that grew up between Europeanized Africans, and those who have remained closer to their traditional ways of life remains a problem even today. One of the lasting legacies of European Colonization in West Africa was this impartial transformation; this creation of a society existing in two worlds, trained properly for neither. Once opened to the full force of the industrial (and later post-industrial) economy, the traditional African economy could not compete. At the same time, not enough West Africans were educated, in the European sense, to provide the skills and leadership to easily lead their people into a new era. European rule has left West Africa with many choices, not all of them good.